The International Space Station (ISS)
In 1984, President Ronald Reagan proposed that the United States, in cooperation with other countries, build a permanently inhabited space station. Reagan envisioned a station that would have government and industry support. The U.S. forged a cooperative effort with 14 other countries (Canada, Japan, Brazil, and the European Space Agency -- United Kingdom, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, The Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden). During the planning of the ISS and after the fall of the Soviet Union, the United States invited Russia to cooperate in the ISS in 1993; this brought the number of participating countries to 16. NASA is taking the lead in coordinating the ISS's construction.
Click on the country's name to see what part
of the International Space Station it will be responsible for.
ISS Facts
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The assembly of the ISS in orbit began in 1998. The ISS has more than 100 components and will require 44 spaceflights by at least three space vehicles (space shuttle, Soyuz and Russian Proton rocket) to deliver the components into orbit. One-hundred sixty spacewalks, totaling 1,920 man-hours, will be required to assemble and maintain the ISS, which is scheduled for completion in 2010 and will have an anticipated life of 10 years at a projected total cost of $35 to $37 billion. When completed, the ISS will be able to house up to seven astronauts. It will have the following major components:
- Control Module (Zarya) or Functional Cargo Block - contains propulsion (two rocket engines), command and control systems
- Nodes (three) - connect major portions of the ISS
- Service Module (Zvezda) - contains living quarters and life support for early parts of the ISS, docking ports for Progress resupply ships and rocket engines for attitude control and re-boost
- Scientific Laboratories (six) - contain scientific equipment and a robotic arm to move payload on an outside platform
- Laboratory Module - shirt-sleeve environment facility for research on microgravity, life sciences, Earth sciences and space sciences
- Truss - long, tower-like spine for attaching modules, payloads and systems equipment
- Mobile Servicing System - robotic system that will move along the truss; equipped with remote arm for assembly and maintenance activities
- Transfer Vehicles - a Soyuz capsule and a Crew Return Vehicle (X-38) for emergency evacuation
- Electrical Power System - solar panels and equipment for generating, storing, managing and distributing electrical power
 Photo courtesy NASA ISS in orbit showing (top to bottom) Node-1, Control Module, Service Module and a Progress supply ship (September 2000). |
On October 31, 2000, the first crew of the ISS (shown below) was launched from Russia. The three-member crew spent almost five months aboard the ISS, activating systems, and conducting experiments.
 Photo courtesy NASA The first ISS crew (left to right): flight engineer Sergei Krikalev, mission commander William Shepherd and Soyuz commander Yuri Gidzenko. |
The first crew returned to Earth on March 21, 2001. The ISS has since been manned by a series of three- and two-member crews:
- Crew 2 - March to August 2001
- Crew 3 - August to December 2001
- Crew 4 - December 2001 to June 2002
- Crew 5 - June to December 2002
- Crew 6 - November 2002 to May 2003
- Crew 7 - April to October 2003
- Crew 8 - October 2003 to April 2004
- Crew 9 - April to October 2004
- Crew 10 - October 2004 to April 2005
- Crew 11 - April to October 2005
- Crew 12 - September 2005 to April 2006
- Crew 13 - March to September 2006
- Crew 14 - Launched September 2006
