How Is the National Guard Different from the U.S. Army?

National guard patroling, police brutality
Members of the National Guard patrol Hollywood Boulevard in Los Angeles on May 31, 2020. They were among the thousands of National Guard troops that were deployed to several major U.S. cities after five consecutive nights of protests over racism and police brutality boiled over into arson and looting. JAVIER TOVAR/AFP via Getty Images

The National Guard serves a dual role in the U.S. military by serving the community and its country. Most of the time, it's under the control of individual states, with the state governor acting as commander in chief. When this occurs, guard units are used to supplement the U.S. Army, bolstering its forces with additional combat units. The Guard responds to domestic emergencies, overseas combat missions, counterdrug efforts, reconstruction missions and more. However, the president can activate the National Guard and place it under federal control.

Soldiers in the National Guard train one weekend each month, with one two-week training period each year. They're typically called into action by a state governor, who can send them to the site of any officially declared emergency in the state. This is usually a weather-related emergency, but civil unrest or terrorist attacks are other emergencies they may respond to.

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For example, the death of George Floyd (during his police custody in Minneapolis) was followed by mass protests, arson and looting in cities across the U.S. in May 2020. National Guard personnel were activated in 23 states and the District of Columbia [source: Soucy]. In June 2020, 600 to 800 National Guard members from five states were requested to augment the D.C. National Guard in dealing with civil unrest in the nation's capital [source: Browne and Starr]. Guard troops can also be used for security details at borders and airports.

While state governors command their state's guard troops, each state has an adjutant general who acts as a liaison, interpreting the governor's orders into specific tactical decisions.

When the president federalizes National Guard troops, they can be used in domestic emergencies much like they are used in state emergencies. However, the troops are not limited to emergencies within their home states. For example, in 2005, National Guard units from all 50 states were used to aid in Hurricane Katrina relief efforts. There were actually more out-of-state National Guard personnel deployed to Louisiana and Mississippi than those states' own National Guards provided [source: Congressional Research Service].

A National Guard Humvee departs the New Orleans Superdome in Louisiana after Hurricane Katrina
A National Guard Humvee departs the New Orleans Superdome in Louisiana to patrol the streets after Hurricane Katrina devastated the city leaving thousands stranded.
The National Guard/U.S. Navy photo by Photographer's Mate 1st Class (AW) Brien Aho

Federalized Guard troops can also be folded into the U.S. Army and be called upon to active service in military operations overseas. In fact, 40 percent of the U.S. Army's current combat capacity, including 43 percent of its piloted and unmanned aircraft are National Guard members [source: Soucy].

The National Guard played a critical role when the U.S. entered World War I, with the 27th "Empire" Division, composed mostly of New York National Guard members, and the 30th "Old Hickory" Division from Tennessee and the Carolinas helping to break through Germany's Hindenburg Line during the 1918 Somme offensive [source: National Guard Bureau]. From 2001 to 2016, the National Guard had 780,000 individual overseas deployments [source: Soucy]. One out of six U.S. soldiers killed in Iraq came from a National Guard Unit.

Most of the time, when someone refers to the National Guard, they're talking about the Army National Guard. However, the Air Force has a National Guard as well. The Air National Guard is a separate organization with the same functions as the Army National Guard, but units (usually wings) can be activated to supplement the U.S. Air Force. The two guards were split in this way by a reorganization of the U.S. military after World War II.

The National Guard's existence is ensured by the Constitution, which has a series of clauses outlining the states' rights to create militias and the federal government's right to utilize those militias. These are a long chain of federal laws, the most important of which are the 1903 Militia Act and the National Defense Act of 1916. A more recent law, the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act of 2007, expanded the president's authority to activate guard units during a natural disaster, terrorist attack, epidemic or other public health emergency, even without the approval from the states' governors [source: Melnyk].

But presidential power to use the National Guard still has limits. Federal law still restricts the president's use of National Guard forces to enforce federal laws within U.S. borders, unless it's to suppress an insurrection [source: Congressional Research Service].

About half of the states in the United States also maintain a state defense force. These forces are more like militias – all of the troops are volunteers, they receive no federal funding and often have to purchase their own uniforms and equipment. A state defense force is separate from the state National Guard, though they may be organized in parallel. Technically, the president has the authority to call on these state militias when needed, but in practical terms, state defense forces are largely immune to federal activation.

For more information on the National Guard and related topics, check out the following links:

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Sources

  • Army national guard. "About the National Guard." http://www.ngb.army.mil/About/default.aspx
  • Browne, Ryan and Starr, Barbara. "Additional National Guard members have been requested for DC." CNN. June 1, 2020. (June 1, 2020) https://www.cnn.com/us/live-news/george-floyd-protests-06-01-20/index.html
  • Congressional Research Service. "Hurricane Katrina: DOD Disaster Response. " Fas.org. Sept. 19, 2005. (June 1, 2020) https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL33095.pdf
  • Congressional Research Service. "The Posse Comitatus Act and Related Matters: The Use of the Military to Execute Civilian Law." Fas.org. Nov. 16, 2018. (June 1, 2020) https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42659.pdf
  • GlobalSecurity.org. "Army National Guard." http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/arng.htm
  • Meeks, Brock N. "Guardsmen on a rescue and relief mission." http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9117367/
  • Melnyk, Maj. Les. "New defense laws show Guard the road ahead for 2007." Nationalguard.mil. Oct. 18, 2006. (June 1, 2020) https://www.nationalguard.mil/News/Article/572792/new-defense-laws-show-guard-the-road-ahead-for-2007/
  • National Guard Bureau. "History: National Guard assisted WWI allies in ending war." Nationalguard.mil. Nov. 7, 2018. (June 1, 2020) https://www.nationalguard.mil/News/News-Features/Article/1684584/history-national-guard-assisted-wwi-allies-in-ending-war/
  • Soucy, Sgt. 1st Class Jon. "National Guard remains a vital component of the war fight." Army.mil. March 22, 2016. (June 1, 2020) https://www.army.mil/article/164663/national_guard_remains_a_vital_component_of_the_war_fight
  • Soucy, Sgt. 1st Class Jon. "Response to civil unrest." Army.mil May 21, 2020. (June 1, 2020) https://www.army.mil/article/236089/guard_members_in_23_states_d_c_called_up_in_response_to_civil_unrest
  • Woodruff, Judy. "National Guard Underfunded, Not Prepared for Crises." http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/military/jan-june07/military_03-01.html

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National Guard FAQ

What does the National Guard do?
The National Guard is a distinct part of the U.S. military that serves both the community and country. The Guard is responsible for routinely responding to domestic emergencies, overseas military operations, counter-drug missions, reconstruction efforts and more.
Is the National Guard part of the army?
The United States National Guard is the reserve component of the United States Army, which is used to supplement the army, strengthening its forces with additional combat units. The National Guard units fall under the dual control of the state and federal governments.
Who controls the National Guard?
More often than not, the Nation Guard comes under the direct control of individual states, and the governor acts as its commander in chief. Therefore, the National Guard is typically called into action by a state’s governor who holds the authority to send it to the site of any officially declared emergency. However, the president of the United States also has the power to activate the National Guard and have it take action under federal control.
Does the National Guard go to war?
The National Guard is composed of the Army National Guard and the Air Force Air National Guard. In times of war, Guard members can be mobilized and deployed to defend the country both domestically and overseas.
What does it mean when they call in the National Guard?
When a state governor mobilizes the National Guard, it means that it’s needed in support of a domestic crisis. This crisis can include natural disasters, terrorist attacks, civil unrest and war-like situations. Apart from domestic missions, National Guard personnel can also be mobilized for active duty by the federal government for overseas military operations.

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